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1 Stanford Telecommunications
Military: STELУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Stanford Telecommunications
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2 STEL
1) Военный термин: Secure Telephone, Stanford Telecommunications2) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: предел кратковременного воздействия (short term exposure limit)3) Сахалин Р: short term exposure limit4) НАСДАК: S A Telecom, Inc. -
3 Varian, Russell Harrison
[br]b. 24 April 1898 Washington, DC, USAd. 28 July 1959 Juneau, Alaska, USA[br]American physicist who, with his brother Sigurd Varian and others, developed the klystron.[br]After attending schools in Palo Alto and Halcyon, Russell Varian went to Stanford University, gaining his BA in 1925 and his MA in 1927 despite illness and being dyslexic. His family being in need of financial help, he first worked for six months for Bush Electric in San Francisco and then for an oil company in Texas, returning to San Francisco in 1930 to join Farnsworth's Television Laboratory. After a move to Philadelphia, in 1933 the laboratory closed and Russell tried to take up a PhD course at Stanford but was rejected, so he trained as a teacher. However, although he did some teaching at Stanford it was not to be his career, for in 1935 he joined his brothers Sigurd and Eric in the setting up of a home laboratory.There, with William Hansen, a former colleague of Russell's at Stanford, they worked on the development of microwave oscillators, based on some of the latter's ideas. By 1937 they had made sufficient progress on an electron velocity-bunching tube, which they called the klystron, to obtain an agreement with the university to provide laboratory facilities in return for a share of any proceeds. By August that year they were able to produce continuous power at a wavelength of 13 cm. Clearly needing greater resources to develop and manufacture the tube, and with a possible war looming, a deal was struck with the Sperry Gyroscope Company to finance the work, which was transferred to the East Coast.In 1946, after the death of his first wife, Russell returned to Palo Alto, and in 1948 the brothers and Hansen founded Varian Associates to make microwave tubes for transmitters and linear accelerators and nuclear magnetic-resonance detectors. Subsequent research also resulted in the development of a satellite-borne magnetometer for measuring the earth's magnetic field.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary DSc Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1943. Franklin Institute Medal.Bibliography1939, with S.F.Varian, "High frequency oscillator and amplifier", Journal of Applied Physics 10:321 (describes the klystron).Further ReadingJ.R.Pierce, 1962, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 979 (provides background to development of the klystron).D.Varian, 1983, The Inventor and the Pilot (biographies of the brothers).See also: Varian, Sigurd FergusKFBiographical history of technology > Varian, Russell Harrison
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4 Kompfner, Rudolph
[br]b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austriad. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA[br]Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.[br]Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPhysical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.Bibliography1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.Further ReadingJ.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.KF -
5 SAT
1) Авиация: спутниковый2) Военный термин: Seattle Army terminal, Security Assistance Test, Security Audit Trail, Software Acceptance Test, Spatial Analysis Tool kit, Staff Augmentation Team, Systems Approach to Training, sabotage alert team, safe arming time, sate acceptance test, scholastic aptitude test, scientific advisory team, security alert team, semiautomatic test equipment, service acceptance trials, small-arms training, special assistance team, specific aptitude test, system alignment test, system approach to training, systems acceptance tests3) Техника: self-alignment technique, site access training, small aperture antenna, small aperture earth terminal, spray additive tank, startup auxiliary transformer, station auxiliary transformer, surface anisotropic etch, surface anisotropic etching, surface-alloy transistor, synchronized acoustic transmitter, synchronous/asynchronous transmitter, synthetic aperture tomographic system, systematic approach to training4) Сельское хозяйство: serum agglutination test5) Шутливое выражение: Scream Aptitude Test, Somebody Ain't Teaching, Superhuman America Team6) Химия: University of St. Andrews - 27) Религия: Seekers After Truth8) Грубое выражение: Stupid As Tacks, Stupid Ass Test, Suck Ass Test9) Телекоммуникации: Sad And Tedious10) Сокращение: Sea Acceptance Testing, Situational Awareness Technology, Small Arms Trainer, Small Arms Transmitter, Societe Anonyme de Telecommunications (France), Synchronised Acoustic Transmitter, Scholastic Assessment Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test), Science And Technology, Security Awareness Training, Sell-Assessment Test(s), Standard Assessment Tests, Standard Assesssment Task, Standard Attainment Tests, Statutory Assessment Tests, Substand Abuse Treatment, Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma, Suspended Acoustic Tile11) Университет: Science, Aeronautics, And Technology, Science, Art, And Technology, Stanford Achievement Test, Student Action Team, Student Assistance Team12) Физиология: Saturation (usually Oxygen Saturation)13) Электроника: Self Adjusting Technology, Self Adjusting Threshold, Smart Amp Technology, Spray acid tool14) Вычислительная техника: Summed Area Table (3D, MIP), Standard AUTODIN Terminal (AUTODIN, Mil.), SIM Application Toolkit (SIM, GSM), Satellite (Space), SIM application toolkit15) Нефть: signal attenuation tool16) Иммунология: spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis17) Транспорт: San Antonio International Airport18) СМИ: Spanish Announcer Team19) Деловая лексика: Support, Accountability, And Training20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: прибор для сбора сейсмических данных (Seismic Acquisition Tool)21) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Test, Scholastic Assessment Test, Skills Assessment Toolkit, Standardized Aptitude Test, Тест на проверку академических способностей22) Полимеры: sol-air temperature23) Программирование: Save As Text24) Контроль качества: system acceptance test25) Сахалин Р: Seismic Acquisition Tool26) Химическое оружие: Site acceptance test, Special action team27) Авиационная медицина: spatial apperception test28) Безопасность: supervising audio tone29) Электрические машины: приёмка на месте эксплуатации, приёмка на площадке30) Нефть и газ: site acceptance testing, (Single Acting Tanker) танкер одинарного действия31) Электротехника: silicon asymmetrical trigger32) Высокочастотная электроника: supervisory audio tone33) Чат: Sending A Thought, Sorry About That, Spare A Thought34) Правительство: San Antonio, Texas35) NYSE. Asia Satellite Telecommunications Holding Company36) Аэропорты: San Antonio International Airport, San Antonio, Texas USA37) Программное обеспечение: Software Architecture Technology, Sprite Animation Toolkit, System Administration Tool -
6 Sat
1) Авиация: спутниковый2) Военный термин: Seattle Army terminal, Security Assistance Test, Security Audit Trail, Software Acceptance Test, Spatial Analysis Tool kit, Staff Augmentation Team, Systems Approach to Training, sabotage alert team, safe arming time, sate acceptance test, scholastic aptitude test, scientific advisory team, security alert team, semiautomatic test equipment, service acceptance trials, small-arms training, special assistance team, specific aptitude test, system alignment test, system approach to training, systems acceptance tests3) Техника: self-alignment technique, site access training, small aperture antenna, small aperture earth terminal, spray additive tank, startup auxiliary transformer, station auxiliary transformer, surface anisotropic etch, surface anisotropic etching, surface-alloy transistor, synchronized acoustic transmitter, synchronous/asynchronous transmitter, synthetic aperture tomographic system, systematic approach to training4) Сельское хозяйство: serum agglutination test5) Шутливое выражение: Scream Aptitude Test, Somebody Ain't Teaching, Superhuman America Team6) Химия: University of St. Andrews - 27) Религия: Seekers After Truth8) Грубое выражение: Stupid As Tacks, Stupid Ass Test, Suck Ass Test9) Телекоммуникации: Sad And Tedious10) Сокращение: Sea Acceptance Testing, Situational Awareness Technology, Small Arms Trainer, Small Arms Transmitter, Societe Anonyme de Telecommunications (France), Synchronised Acoustic Transmitter, Scholastic Assessment Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test), Science And Technology, Security Awareness Training, Sell-Assessment Test(s), Standard Assessment Tests, Standard Assesssment Task, Standard Attainment Tests, Statutory Assessment Tests, Substand Abuse Treatment, Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma, Suspended Acoustic Tile11) Университет: Science, Aeronautics, And Technology, Science, Art, And Technology, Stanford Achievement Test, Student Action Team, Student Assistance Team12) Физиология: Saturation (usually Oxygen Saturation)13) Электроника: Self Adjusting Technology, Self Adjusting Threshold, Smart Amp Technology, Spray acid tool14) Вычислительная техника: Summed Area Table (3D, MIP), Standard AUTODIN Terminal (AUTODIN, Mil.), SIM Application Toolkit (SIM, GSM), Satellite (Space), SIM application toolkit15) Нефть: signal attenuation tool16) Иммунология: spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis17) Транспорт: San Antonio International Airport18) СМИ: Spanish Announcer Team19) Деловая лексика: Support, Accountability, And Training20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: прибор для сбора сейсмических данных (Seismic Acquisition Tool)21) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Test, Scholastic Assessment Test, Skills Assessment Toolkit, Standardized Aptitude Test, Тест на проверку академических способностей22) Полимеры: sol-air temperature23) Программирование: Save As Text24) Контроль качества: system acceptance test25) Сахалин Р: Seismic Acquisition Tool26) Химическое оружие: Site acceptance test, Special action team27) Авиационная медицина: spatial apperception test28) Безопасность: supervising audio tone29) Электрические машины: приёмка на месте эксплуатации, приёмка на площадке30) Нефть и газ: site acceptance testing, (Single Acting Tanker) танкер одинарного действия31) Электротехника: silicon asymmetrical trigger32) Высокочастотная электроника: supervisory audio tone33) Чат: Sending A Thought, Sorry About That, Spare A Thought34) Правительство: San Antonio, Texas35) NYSE. Asia Satellite Telecommunications Holding Company36) Аэропорты: San Antonio International Airport, San Antonio, Texas USA37) Программное обеспечение: Software Architecture Technology, Sprite Animation Toolkit, System Administration Tool -
7 sat
1) Авиация: спутниковый2) Военный термин: Seattle Army terminal, Security Assistance Test, Security Audit Trail, Software Acceptance Test, Spatial Analysis Tool kit, Staff Augmentation Team, Systems Approach to Training, sabotage alert team, safe arming time, sate acceptance test, scholastic aptitude test, scientific advisory team, security alert team, semiautomatic test equipment, service acceptance trials, small-arms training, special assistance team, specific aptitude test, system alignment test, system approach to training, systems acceptance tests3) Техника: self-alignment technique, site access training, small aperture antenna, small aperture earth terminal, spray additive tank, startup auxiliary transformer, station auxiliary transformer, surface anisotropic etch, surface anisotropic etching, surface-alloy transistor, synchronized acoustic transmitter, synchronous/asynchronous transmitter, synthetic aperture tomographic system, systematic approach to training4) Сельское хозяйство: serum agglutination test5) Шутливое выражение: Scream Aptitude Test, Somebody Ain't Teaching, Superhuman America Team6) Химия: University of St. Andrews - 27) Религия: Seekers After Truth8) Грубое выражение: Stupid As Tacks, Stupid Ass Test, Suck Ass Test9) Телекоммуникации: Sad And Tedious10) Сокращение: Sea Acceptance Testing, Situational Awareness Technology, Small Arms Trainer, Small Arms Transmitter, Societe Anonyme de Telecommunications (France), Synchronised Acoustic Transmitter, Scholastic Assessment Test (formerly Scholastic Aptitude Test), Science And Technology, Security Awareness Training, Sell-Assessment Test(s), Standard Assessment Tests, Standard Assesssment Task, Standard Attainment Tests, Statutory Assessment Tests, Substand Abuse Treatment, Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma, Suspended Acoustic Tile11) Университет: Science, Aeronautics, And Technology, Science, Art, And Technology, Stanford Achievement Test, Student Action Team, Student Assistance Team12) Физиология: Saturation (usually Oxygen Saturation)13) Электроника: Self Adjusting Technology, Self Adjusting Threshold, Smart Amp Technology, Spray acid tool14) Вычислительная техника: Summed Area Table (3D, MIP), Standard AUTODIN Terminal (AUTODIN, Mil.), SIM Application Toolkit (SIM, GSM), Satellite (Space), SIM application toolkit15) Нефть: signal attenuation tool16) Иммунология: spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis17) Транспорт: San Antonio International Airport18) СМИ: Spanish Announcer Team19) Деловая лексика: Support, Accountability, And Training20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: прибор для сбора сейсмических данных (Seismic Acquisition Tool)21) Образование: Scholastic Achievement Test, Scholastic Assessment Test, Skills Assessment Toolkit, Standardized Aptitude Test, Тест на проверку академических способностей22) Полимеры: sol-air temperature23) Программирование: Save As Text24) Контроль качества: system acceptance test25) Сахалин Р: Seismic Acquisition Tool26) Химическое оружие: Site acceptance test, Special action team27) Авиационная медицина: spatial apperception test28) Безопасность: supervising audio tone29) Электрические машины: приёмка на месте эксплуатации, приёмка на площадке30) Нефть и газ: site acceptance testing, (Single Acting Tanker) танкер одинарного действия31) Электротехника: silicon asymmetrical trigger32) Высокочастотная электроника: supervisory audio tone33) Чат: Sending A Thought, Sorry About That, Spare A Thought34) Правительство: San Antonio, Texas35) NYSE. Asia Satellite Telecommunications Holding Company36) Аэропорты: San Antonio International Airport, San Antonio, Texas USA37) Программное обеспечение: Software Architecture Technology, Sprite Animation Toolkit, System Administration Tool -
8 Pierce, John Robinson
[br]b. 27 March 1910 Des Moines, Iowa, USA[br]American scientist and communications engineer said to be the "father" of communication satellites.[br]From his high-school days, Pierce showed an interest in science and in science fiction, writing under the pseudonym of J.J.Coupling. After gaining Bachelor's, Master's and PhD degrees at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) in Pasadena in 1933, 1934 and 1936, respectively, Pierce joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City in 1936. There he worked on improvements to the travelling-wave tube, in which the passage of a beam of electrons through a helical transmission line at around 7 per cent of the speed of light was made to provide amplification at 860 MHz. He also devised a new form of electrostatically focused electron-multiplier which formed the basis of a sensitive detector of radiation. However, his main contribution to electronics at this time was the invention of the Pierce electron gun—a method of producing a high-density electron beam. In the Second World War he worked with McNally and Shepherd on the development of a low-voltage reflex klystron oscillator that was applied to military radar equipment.In 1952 he became Director of Electronic Research at the Bell Laboratories' establishment, Murray Hill, New Jersey. Within two years he had begun work on the possibility of round-the-world relay of signals by means of communication satellites, an idea anticipated in his early science-fiction writings (and by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945), and in 1955 he published a paper in which he examined various possibilities for communications satellites, including passive and active satellites in synchronous and non-synchronous orbits. In 1960 he used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 30 m (98 1/2 ft) diameter, aluminium-coated Echo 1 balloon satellite to reflect telephone signals back to earth. The success of this led to the launching in 1962 of the first active relay satellite (Telstar), which weighed 170 lb (77 kg) and contained solar-powered rechargeable batteries, 1,000 transistors and a travelling-wave tube capable of amplifying the signal 10,000 times. With a maximum orbital height of 3,500 miles (5,600 km), this enabled a variety of signals, including full bandwidth television, to be relayed from the USA to large receiving dishes in Europe.From 1971 until his "retirement" in 1979, Pierce was Professor of Electrical Engineering at CalTech, after which he became Chief Technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, also in Pasadena, and Emeritus Professor of Engineering at Stanford University.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Award 1947; Edison Medal 1963; Medal of Honour 1975. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Award 1960. National Medal of Science 1963. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Medal 1963. Marconi Award 1974. National Academy of Engineering Founders Award 1977. Japan Prize 1985. Arthur C.Clarke Award 1987. Honorary DEng Newark College of Engineering 1961. Honorary DSc Northwest University 1961, Yale 1963, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 1963. Editor, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1954–5.Bibliography23 October 1956, US patent no. 2,768,328 (his development of the travelling-wave tube, filed on 5 November 1946).1947, with L.M.Field, "Travelling wave tubes", Proceedings of the Institute of RadioEngineers 35:108 (describes the pioneering improvements to the travelling-wave tube). 1947, "Theory of the beam-type travelling wave tube", Proceedings of the Institution ofRadio Engineers 35:111. 1950, Travelling Wave Tubes.1956, Electronic Waves and Messages. 1962, Symbols, Signals and Noise.1981, An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals and Noise: Dover Publications.1990, with M.A.Knoll, Signals: Revolution in Electronic Communication: W.H.Freeman.KF -
9 Shockley, William Bradford
[br]b. 13 February 1910 London, Englandd. 12 August 1989, Palo Alto, California, USA.[br]American physicist who developed the junction transistor from the point contact transistor and was joint winner (with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain) of the 1956 Nobel Prize for physics.[br]The son of a mining engineer, Shockley graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 and in 1936 obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In that year, he joined the staff of Bell Telephone Laboratories.Since the early days of radio, crystals of silicon or similar materials had been used to rectify alternating current supply until these were displaced by thermionic valves or tubes. Shockley, with Bardeen and Brattain, found that crystals of germanium containing traces of certain impurities formed far better rectifiers than crystals of the material in its pure form. The resulting device, the transistor, could also be used to amplify the current; its name is derived from its ability to transfer current across a resistor. The transistor, being so much smaller than the thermionic valve which it replaced, led to the miniaturization of electronic appliances. Another advantage was that a transistorized device needed no period of warming up, such as was necessary with a thermionic valve before it would operate. The dispersal of the heat generated by a multiplicity of thermionic valves such as were present in early computers was another problem obviated by the advent of the transistor.Shockley was responsible for much development in the field of semiconductors. He was Deputy Director of the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the US Department of Defense (1954–5), and in 1963 he was appointed the first Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science at Stanford University, California. During the late 1960s Shockley became a controversial figure for expressing his unorthodox views on genetics, such as that black people were inherently less intelligent than white people, and that the population explosion spread "bad" genes at the expense of "good" genes; he supported the idea of a sperm bank from Nobel Prize winners, voluntary sterilization and the restriction of interracial marriages.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1956.Further ReadingI.Asimov (ed.), 1982, Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: Doubleday \& Co.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Shockley, William Bradford
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